'Pathology'에 해당되는 글 174건
- 2012/02/02 퇴국 행사
- 2012/01/11 병리소견 in 항암화학요법
- 2011/12/30 Norris grade
- 2011/12/27 Furhman grade
- 2011/12/13 Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 2011/12/10 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선
- 2011/12/10 Classification of lupus nephritis
- 2011/12/06 Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin
- 2011/11/30 Cowdry type A or B ????
- 2011/10/31 Hair shaft defects
우리 병원 병리과의 전공의 퇴국 행사에는 2월 중 메인 사인을 한 번 하고 가는 것이 있다. 이런 저런 이유로 양은 많지 않았지만, 적은 수의 검체라도 직접 진단을 내려고 하니 좀 겁이 나긴 하네.. ;-)
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| 퇴국 행사 (0) | 2012/02/02 |
|---|---|
| 병리소견 in 항암화학요법 (0) | 2012/01/11 |
| Norris grade (0) | 2011/12/30 |
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
비소세포폐암>
"pemetrexed" 연번 29, 30의 투여대상은 식약청 허가사항에 따라 조직학적으로 비편평상피세포에 사용 시 요양급여를 인정함 (개정 제2009-3호:2009.7.1 시행, 개정 제2010-3호:2010.2.1 시행)
식약청 허가사항인 <백금계 약물을 기본으로 하는 1차 화학요법의 4주기 후 질병진행이 없는 국소 진행성 또는 전이성 비소세포폐암의 유지요법>에 사용 시 요양급여를 인정하며, 이때 급여인정 투여대상은 <EGFR wild type으로 1차 화학요법 투여 후 질병상태가 stable disease>인 환자임.
EGFR 활성 변이에도 종류가 여러가지가 있는데, 그 중에서 primary resistance 와 secondary resistance 로 알려진 활성 변이에 대한 언급은 없다.
위암>
식도암>
간담도암>
직결장암>
- 종양주위 림프관이나 혈관내에 암 세포가 존재하는 경우 (peritumoral lymphovascular involvement)
- T3 병기 중 국소천공이 있는 경우 또는 절단면에 암세포가 미세하게 잔류하는 경우 (T3 lesions with localized perforation or close, indeterminate, or positive margins) (개정 제2009-2호:2009.6.1 시행)
LVI 는 꼼꼼히 봐야하는 부분.
국소 천공은 사실 수술 소견에서 의심하는게 더 좋을 것으로 생각됨. 조직을 취급하는 과정에서 인위적인 천공이 발생할 수도 있으니깐.
유방암>
- trastuzumab 관련하여 HER2 과발현(IHC 3+ 또는 FISH 양성 또는 SISH 양성) 림프절 양성 또는 종양크기가 1cm을 초과하는 림프절 음성 유방암
- 호르몬 수용체(ER or PR) 양성
HER2 검사에서 위암과는 달리 SISH 가 추가되었음
난소암>
신장암>
- temsirolimus 관련하여 조직학적으로 비투명세포암(non-clear cell carcinoma) 또는 불량한 예후를 갖는 투명세포암(clear cell carcinoma)을 의미함
- everolimus 관련하여 직학적으로 투명세포암(clear cell carcinoma)을 의미함
불량한 예후 인자에 병리학적인 소견은 없음.
두경부암>
연조직육종>
성인의 Kit (CD117) 양성인 위장관기줄종양 (GIST) 에서 risk 평가에 사용하는 기준이 제시하는 기관마다 약간씩 차이가 있다. 공단에서 사용하라고 되어 있는 기준표는 현재 병원에서 사용하고 있는 2010 NCCN 기준과는 약간 차이가 있으며, 장기에 따른 위험도 분류가 빠져 있다.
|
Size |
Mitotic count |
Very low risk |
< 2 cm |
≤ 5/50 HPF |
Low risk |
2-5 cm |
≤ 5/50 HPF |
Intermediate risk |
≤ 5 cm |
6-10/50 HPF |
5-10 cm |
≤ 5/50 HPF |
|
High risk |
> 5 cm |
> 5/50 HPF |
> 10 cm |
Any mitotic rate |
|
Any size |
> 10/50 HPF |
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| 퇴국 행사 (0) | 2012/02/02 |
|---|---|
| 병리소견 in 항암화학요법 (0) | 2012/01/11 |
| Norris grade (0) | 2011/12/30 |
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
A grade of 2 was given when immaturity and neuroepithelium were present to a greater degree than grade 1. Neuroepithelium was common but did not exceed three low-power microscopic fields in any one slide.
Grade 3 was given when immaturity and neuroectoderm were prominent, the latter occupying four or more
law-magnification microscopic fields within individual sections.
Grade 0, in which all tissues are mature and mitotic activity is rare or absent, was present only in metastatic deposits, as all well-studied grade 0 primary teratomas are regarded as benign and therefore are excluded from the study.
Reference: Norris HJ, Zirkin HJ, Benson WL. Immature (malignant) teratoma of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic study of 58 cases. Cancer 1976;37:2359-72.
Cancer 저널은 고맙게도 1976년도 논문이 스캔되어 있어 원문 확인이 용이했다.
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| 퇴국 행사 (0) | 2012/02/02 |
|---|---|
| 병리소견 in 항암화학요법 (0) | 2012/01/11 |
| Norris grade (0) | 2011/12/30 |
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
Grade 1 tumors were composed of cells with small (approximately 10um) round uniform nuclei with inconspicuous or absent nucleoli.
Grade 2 tumors had larger (approximately 15um) nucleti which exhibited irregularities in outline and nucleoli when examined under high (400x) power.
Grade 3 tumors had even larger nuclei (approximately 20um) with an obvisously irregular outline and prominent large nucleoli even at low (100x) power.
Grade 4 tumors exhibit features similar to the grade 3 tumors with the addition of bizarre, often multilobed nuclei and heavy chromatin clumps. These tumors often had areas of spindled-shaped cells resembling sarcomas.
Each tumor was graded by the most malignant or highest grade exhibited even if only focal.
Multiple grades coexisted in 15% of tumors.
Reference: Fuhrman SA, Lasky LC, Limas C. Prognostic significance of morphologic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. The American journal of surgical pathology 1982;6:655-63.
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| 병리소견 in 항암화학요법 (0) | 2012/01/11 |
|---|---|
| Norris grade (0) | 2011/12/30 |
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
기본적으로 WHO 의 분류에 있는 종양이 아님. 그래서 진단코드가 없는 질병이라고 할 수 있겠음.
그리고, 보고하는 저자마다 사용하는 단어가 조금씩 차이가 나며, clear cytoplasm 을 가지면서 papillary arrangement 를 보이고 있음.
어떤 특징으로 가지고 있느냐 하면...
CD10 면역화학검사에서는 음성 소견이라고 함.
CK7에 강양성을 보임.
CCRCC나 PRCC 에서 관찰되는 유전적 변화는 보이지 않는다고 함.
굳이 이 종양을 별도로 분류해야 하는 이유는..
대부분의 경우 예후가 좋으며, early stage 에 해당한다고 되어 있음.
Reference: Aydin H, Chen L, Cheng L, et al. Clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma: a study of 36 distinctive low-grade epithelial tumors of the kidney. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 1608-21. 등..
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| Norris grade (0) | 2011/12/30 |
|---|---|
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
갑상선이라는 제목만 보고 가서 가끔씩 오는 Liquid-based cytology (LBC)에 대한 내용이 나올 줄 알았는데, 병리학적인 소견에 대해서는 슬라이드 한 장도 나오지를 않았다. 이번 연수강좌에서는 갑상선 결절의 치료 지침 및 임상과 병리과와의 괴리(?), 초음파유도 세침흡인 검사시에 참고할 수 있는 초음파 소견에 대한 내용이 주된 내용이었다.
병원 규모가 커지다보면 필연적으로 발생하게 되는 각 과간의 대화부재로 인한 부분에 대한 것을 알 수 있었다고나 할까..
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| Furhman grade (0) | 2011/12/27 |
|---|---|
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
| Cowdry type A or B ???? (0) | 2011/11/30 |
Class I Normal glomeruli
Class II Pure mesangial alterations
Class III Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
Class IV Diffuse glomerulonephritis
Class V Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis
Class VI Advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis
ISN/RPS 2003
Class I Minimal mesangial lupus nephritis
Class II Mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis
Class III Focal lupus nephritis
Class IV Diffuse segmental (IV-S) or global (IV-G) lupus nephritis
Class V Membranous lupus nephritis
Class VI Advanced sclerosing lupus nephritis
비슷비슷한 분류... 못외우겠구만..
Reference:
J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 241-50.
Kidney Int 2004; 65: 521-30.
(동시출판)
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| Clear cell papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (0) | 2011/12/13 |
|---|---|
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
| Cowdry type A or B ???? (0) | 2011/11/30 |
| Hair shaft defects (0) | 2011/10/31 |
Leukocyte exudation; Exudation of more than two polymorphonuclear leukocytes per glomerulus was considered abnormal. Exudation was scored as mild (1+), moderate (2+), or extensive (3+).
Karyorrhexis and fibrinoid necrosis; Karyorrhexis was defined by the presence of pyknotic and fragmented nuclei. Fibrinoid necrosis was identified by the occurrence of intensely eosinophilic material within solidified segments of glomeruli. Fibrinoid necrosis was usually confirmed by Masson stain and was typically accompanied by karyorrhexis in involved glomeruli. The following scale of severity was used: karyorrhexis only or fibrinoid necrosis in less than 25% of glomeruli (1+), fibrinoid necrosis in 25 to 50% (2+) or greater than 50% (3+) of glomeruli. The assigned score was weighted by a factor of two because such lesions were considered to be disproportionately severe as previously suggested.
Cellular crescent; Proliferating extracapillary cells occupying one-fourth or more of the glomerular capsular circumference were considered cellular crescents. Determination of the predominant component of crescents (cellular or fibrous) was assisted by Masson staining. The crescent score was defined as follows: cellular crescents in less than 25% (1+), 25 to 50% (2+), or greater than 50% (3+) of glomeruli. The assigned score was weighted by a factor of two because such lesions were considered to be disproportionately severe.
Hyaline deposits; Eosinophilic material of a homogenous consistency along the circumference of the luminal surface of glomerular capillaries constituted the classical wire loop lesion. More extensive globular material occupying entire capillary loops were identified as hyaline thrombi. The hyaline material was considered to represent massive accumulation of immune complexes. Hyaline lesions were scored as few (1+), moderate (2+), or extensive (3+).
Interstitial inflammation; Infiltration of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages) into interstitial spaces was assigned scores of mild (1+), moderate (2+), or extensive (3+).
Glomerular sclerosis; Glomerular capillary collapse with attendant expansion of mesangial matrix material and subsequent solidification was observed in both segmental and global patterns. Solidification occurring only segmentally or in global patterns in less than 25% (1+) of glomeruli, and global sclerosis in 25 to 50% (2+), or greater than 50% (3+) of glomeruli were designated.
Fibrous crescents; Structures composed predominantly or exclusively of fibrous tissue lining Bowman’s capsule in a circumferential patterns were considered as fibrous crescents. The crescent scores were defined as follows: fibrous crescents in less than 25% (1+), 25 to 50% (2+) or greater than 50% (3+) of glomeruli.
Tubular atrophy; Atrophic changes were identified by the thickening of tubular basement membranes, with or without tubular epithelial cell degeneration. Separation of residual tubules was typically observed. The severity of tubular atrophy was designated as mild (1+), moderate (2+), or extensive (3+).
Interstitial fibrosis; The deposition of periglomerular and peritubular fibrous tissue was judged primarily by the Masson stain. The severity of interstitial fibrosis was designated as mild (1+), moderate (2+), or extensive (3+).
Activity Index (AI) This index was defined as the sum of individual scores of the following items considered to represent measures of active lupus nephritis: glomerular proliferation, leukocyte exudation, karyorrhexis/fibrinoid necrosis (x2), cellular crescents (x2), hyaline deposits, and interstitial inflammation. The maximum score was 24 points for the Activity Index.
Chronicity Index (CI) This index consisted of the sum of individual scores of the following items considered to represent measures of chronic irreversible lupus nephritis: glomerular sclerosis, fibrous crescents, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. The maximum score was 12 points for the Chronicity Index.
Electron microscopy; Generally two or three glomeruli were examined in each biopsy specimen. For the present study the location and extent of electron dense deposits were quantitated on a scale of 0 to 4+, corresponding to a range of absent to massive. The deposits present in each of the following five locations were individually scored: mesangial, subendothelial, subepithelial, intramembranous, and extraglomerular (peritubular and/or perivascular). In addition to immune deposit analysis, the presence or absence of tubuloreticular structures was noted in endothelial cells.
Reference: 찾고 있는 중.. ㅡ,.ㅡ
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| 세포병리 연수강좌 - 갑상선 (0) | 2011/12/10 |
|---|---|
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
| Cowdry type A or B ???? (0) | 2011/11/30 |
| Hair shaft defects (0) | 2011/10/31 |
| 한일 IAP (0) | 2011/10/23 |
인터넷에서 인용문헌에 Cowdry 가 있는 옛 논문을 찾았다. 구글님에 의하면 Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Vol 23, Issue 2, October 1975, 228-244 실린 "Identity of cowdry type B inclusions and nuclear bodies: Observations in reovirus encephalitis"라는 논문에서 Cowdry 님이 1934년에 쓰셨다는 논문을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 논문은 "The problem of intranucIear inclusions in virus diseases. 이며, Am. J. Pathol, 18, 527-550 이라고 되어 있었다. 이 논문이 학교에서 구독하고 있는지 확인해 보는 과정에서 Am. J. Pathol 이 아닌, Archives of Pathology 저널이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 도서관 지하 1층에서 잠자고 있는 논문을 확인할 수 있었다. 내용은 다음과 같다. 앞 부분을 제대로 읽어보지 않고 해당 부분만 발췌했더니 내용을 잘 모르겠다. 하지만, 전자현미경 염색 과정에 따른 특징으로 분류를 한게 아닌가 하는게 드는 생각임. 병리학적 소견 기술이 상당 부분은 그 밥에 그 나물... 같은 느낌인지라. OTL
Cowdry type A inclusion
The nuclear reaction is total and proceeds to complete degeneration. The inclusions are amorphous or particulate, but may be condensed in rounded masses. The ground substance of the entire nucleus is profoundly disturbed, and all the basophilic chromatic eventually marginates on the nuclear membrane, except in the case of the salivary gland inclusions in moles, which are more basophilic than acidophilic. After fixation the material of which the inclusions are constructed is not easily removed by acetic acid, alcohol, chloroform and other solvents. It contains little or no masked iron or thymonucleic acid. Incineration shows that the yellow fever inclusions are devoid of mineral matter. L.E. and E.J. Rector have found that the same observation holds for mature herpetic inclusions. In interesting contrast, a large amount of mineral, especially calcium, occurs in the nucleoli and basophilic chromatin.
Cowdry type B inclusions
The reaction is localized in the certain areas of the nucleus, where acidophilic droplets make their appearance. These often look hyaline and may be of small or large size. The nucleoplasm in which the inclusions are embedded may not be noticeably altered. Basophilic chromatin fails to marginate on the nuclear membrane. It may be even accumulate to some extent on the centrally placed inclusions. The process seldom goes on to complete nuclear generation, and it is not accompanied by the marked reaction of tissue frequently but not always present with the type A inclusions. Such inclusions can be distinguished from nucleoli by: (1) recognition in the same nucleus of nucleoli stained differently; (2) their range of variation in number and size; (3) absence in them of detectable amounts of mineral and so on. It is unsafe to assume that different B inclusions are of similar composition. Their analysis has not been energetically pushed.
Reference: Archives of Pathology, 1934, Vol 18, 527-542'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| Classification of lupus nephritis (0) | 2011/12/10 |
|---|---|
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
| Cowdry type A or B ???? (0) | 2011/11/30 |
| Hair shaft defects (0) | 2011/10/31 |
| 한일 IAP (0) | 2011/10/23 |
| Confocal microscopy (0) | 2011/10/16 |
Cheng AS, Bayliss SJ. The genetics of hair shaft disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 1-22.
유능한 병리학자는 질문하는 의사가 만든다는 믿거나 말거나 하는 소리가 있는데...
Menke's syndrome 에서 머리카락 검사를 한다고 하길래, 정말인가 싶어서 PubMed를 뒤져보았다. Menke's syndrome 에서 Hair 는 다른 모습도 있기는 하지만 Pili torti 가 전형적인 모습으로 나타난다고 한다.
파라핀이나 SEM을 기반으로 한 검사가 아닌 것 같고, 해봐야 알겠지만 커버 슬라이드, 글라스 슬라이드, 머리카락에 mounting solution 하나만 될 것으로 생각된다.
'Pathology' 카테고리의 다른 글
| Grading of Lupus nephritis by Austin (0) | 2011/12/06 |
|---|---|
| Cowdry type A or B ???? (0) | 2011/11/30 |
| Hair shaft defects (0) | 2011/10/31 |
| 한일 IAP (0) | 2011/10/23 |
| Confocal microscopy (0) | 2011/10/16 |
| Histopathological grading of ascending aortic aneurysm (0) | 2011/10/16 |

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